The Congolese education system has undergone significant evolution throughout its history. From the colonial era to the present day, various reforms and changes have marked the educational landscape of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). From the introduction of formal education by missionaries to the nationalization of education after independence, including the challenges of civil war and post-conflict reconstruction, the Congolese education system has been shaped by complex political, social, and economic contexts. Efforts to improve access to education, strengthen teaching quality, promote national languages, and enhance vocational training have been at the heart of educational debates and reforms in the DRC. Despite many persistent challenges, such as the lack of adequate infrastructure, regional inequalities, underfunding, and a shortage of qualified teachers, the Congolese education system continues to evolve to meet the needs of society and train the next generation of Congolese citizens.
Keywords: The Educational System, Congolese, History, Evolution.

This study focuses on the problems and prospects of homepreneurs with special reference to Madurai city. Homepreneurs, especially women, are playing an important role in local economic development by managing small-scale businesses from home. The study highlights the major challenges they face, such as lack of financial support, limited awareness of government schemes, and time constraints. At the same time, it also explores the factors that help them succeed, including family support and the use of social media. Primary data was collected from 120 respondents using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal key areas where support systems can be improved to help homepreneurs sustain and grow their businesses. Based on the analysis, suggestions have been given to strengthen training, financial access, and promotional support for these entrepreneurs.
Keywords: Homepreneurs, Women Entrepreneurs, Marketing Challenges, Financial Support, Awareness Level, Madurai City

This study takes 436 second-year students from Guizhou Light Industry Vocational and Technical College during the 2024-2025 academic year as its research subjects. Through questionnaire surveys and data analysis, it explores the current status of life skills among vocational college students and proposes cultivation strategies. The study found that students performed well in problem-solving abilities and cybersecurity awareness, but showed significant shortcomings in interpersonal conflict management, persistence in achieving learning goals, and proficiency in office software operations. Based on these findings, this paper proposes targeted recommendations from three dimensions: course optimization, practical activity implementation, and strengthened guidance education. These recommendations aim to enhance the comprehensive literacy of vocational college students and facilitate their adaptation to societal development needs.
Keywords: higher vocational colleges, life skills, training, guidelines

If literature is a reflection of any given society, then artists are critical instruments of realizing all the sides of the narrative about a society. Social inclusion is a recurrent issue in the literary discourses of most developing countries necessitated in part by inept leadership. This has made Marxist Studies increasingly relevant in African literary space. Many writers have explored the issue of social inclusion in their works as class divides have kept widening.As a result, contemporary African literature seems to be producing a class of ―weeping‖ authors, each bemoaning the fate of their country in the hands of greedy and clueless leadership. This paper is a reinforcement of critiques on class differences and social inclusion. It launches incisive insights into one of the works of an award-winning Nigerian poet, Niyi Osundare, acknowledged as the exponent of the second generation Nigerian poets. Osundare’s Village Voices offers a rare insight into the discursive intricacies of social inclusion. The imperatives of social inclusion in a society includeequal access to resources and good standard of living for all citizens. These basic necessitieshave however eluded the greater percentage of the citizenry in Africa who are victims of the greed and corruption of leaders. With poetic lines laced in African folklore, Osundare condemns the widening gap between the rich and the poor in his society occasioned by crass selfishness and avarice of the leadership. The methodology deployed in the study is qualitative as relevant excerpts from the primary text, Village Voices and other texts (secondary works)are explored, highlighted and interrogated. A key finding of the research is that African literature from inception is still a reflection of an impoverished people yearning for social inclusion and possibly, a revolution.
Keywords: Literature, Social inclusion, Marxist Studies, African literature, Class differences, Inept leadership.

This study examines the ecological and economic impacts of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program implemented by PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Aviation Fuel Terminal BIL through the Al-Haqiqi Waste Bank and the Mina Tenun Plastic Weaving Group in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, while integrating insights from the Social Forestry initiative for the Bina Lestari farmer community. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, combining primary data from interviews and observations with secondary data from relevant documents, the research assesses the effectiveness of these programs in waste management, environmental rehabilitation, income generation, and asset-based community empowerment, particularly among women and youth.
Findings reveal that the Al-Haqiqi Waste Bank converts organic waste into compost and animal feed, while the Mina Tenun Plastic Weaving Group upcycles plastic waste into marketable handicrafts reducing environmental pollution and creating alternative income sources. The Bina Lestari Social Forestry program has rehabilitated 69 hectares of degraded land, planted over 30,000 multipurpose trees, applied circular economy practices, and developed community-based ecotourism that increases household income and strengthens conservation awareness. Collectively, these initiatives demonstrate that integrating environmental conservation, circular economy principles, and community empowerment can generate multidimensional benefits restoring ecosystems, enhancing climate resilience, diversifying livelihoods, and fostering inclusive social development. The study concludes that such models hold strong potential for replication in other regions as sustainable development strategies grounded in local assets.
Keywords: CSR, ecological impact, economic impact, waste management, social forestry

The cultivation of banana trees and collocates (Taro) is a staple food in the Bashali-Kaembe group. This agricultural activity in rural areas is threatened by the so-called bacterial wilt disease (Xanthomonas wilt). Information about this new disease is almost non-existent. A survey was therefore carried out in the Bashali-Kaembe group, territory of Masisi where banana trees and colocases (Taro) are a staple food.
The assigned objective of our research is to dig out the various problems caused by bacterial wilt faced by farmers in the Bashali-Kaembe group in order to propose an integrated protection strategy based on in-depth knowledge of the situation and supported by development a skill that should enable the identification of this disease with a view to satisfactory production of banana and taro. The expectations of this research aim to improve the well-being of the Bashali-Kaembe population by increasing its production.
To achieve our objectives through this study, we used quantitative and qualitative approaches supported by analytical and descriptive methods. These methods were supported by documentary and survey techniques.
According to the results obtained, there was a decrease in production which caused a decrease in income in all localities. Thus in the locality of Nyamitaba went from 433.02 USD on average before the Bacterial wilt to 235.61 USD after the appearance of the bacterial wilt; respectively followed the localities of Burungu with an average of 359.91 USD before the Bacterial wilt and a decrease in income of 277.17 USD after the bacterial wilt; Lushangi-Buramo with an average of 346.84 USD before Bacterial wilt to 114.7 USD after Bacterial wilt; Busihe-Kalonge with an average of 227.14 USD before the Bacterial wilt to 159.2 Dollars after the bacterial wilt; Musongati with an average of 215.73 USD before the Bacterial wilt to 118.87 USD after the Bacterial wilt; Lubale-Tunda with an average of 178.41 USD before the Bacterial wilt and 77.95 USD after the bacterial wilt and lastly the locality of Mutobo with an average of (59.74 USD before the Bacterial wilt and 113.15 USD after the bacterial wilt.
In reality, the political authorities should thrust in terms of support by granting inputs and seeds in order to improve the socio-economic life of the Bashali-Kaembe population.
Keywords: bacterial wilt, agricultural production, income.

This article assumes that the prevailing "Nation-state" model, now widely adopted across the globe, fundamentally originated in Europe, and Its is linked to European political history. To clarify this specificity, the article highlights the historical, political and intellectual aspects that led to its emergence. Historically, it recalls the events and major transformations that marked European political history in its transition from the Transnational Imperial State to the Nation-state. Intellectually, it emphasizes the significance of certain political theories that accompanied the Renaissance era and significantly contributed to the deconstruction of the foundations of the theological state in favor of the civil Nation-state. As for the political level, it mentions the contribution of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 to the strengthening of the political achievements of the Nation-state, particularly in regards to fundamental concepts of the modern state, such as sovereignty, religious freedom, and state secularization.
Keywords: The Holy Roman Empire, Nation-state, religious wars, Westphalia, sovereignty.

First-order differential equations are fundamental tools in modeling physical, biological, and engineering systems. This paper explores both analytical and numerical approaches to solving first-order differential equations. Analytical methods such as separation of variables, integrating factors, and exact equations provide exact solutions under ideal conditions, while numerical techniques like Euler’s method and Runge-Kutta methods allow approximate solutions when exact forms are difficult or impossible to find. Examples are presented to illustrate the application of each method.

This research aims to explore the influence of integrating OpenAI's Text To Speech and Speech Recognition technologies into the AMJO application, a mobile-based educational platform designed to facilitate the supervision of physical education and sports training. In the realm of physical education, the use of voice recognition and speech synthesis technologies represents a noteworthy innovation, as it enhances the supervision process, streamlines communication, and enables real-time feedback for teachers. These technological features are anticipated to enrich user engagement and increase the efficiency of both teaching and supervision activities. The study was conducted in collaboration with the Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) Teacher Working Group (KKG) in Banjarbaru City and involved 60 participating teachers. The research was carried out through several stages: (1) research design, (2) user needs assessment, (3) design of technology integration, (4) application development, (5) testing and evaluation, (6) refinement and adjustment, and (7) implementation and dissemination. The development approach used in this study follows the Mobile Development Life Cycle (MDLC) model. The findings indicate that the incorporation of OpenAI’s Text To Speech and Speech Recognition technologies within the AMJO application significantly enhances its functionality, particularly in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of physical education supervision.
Keywords: OpenAI, speech recognition, mobile applications, supervision of physical education, sports training

Traditional medicine shows potential benefits in treating COVID-19, including alleviating symptoms, improving immune response, and reducing the risk of severe illness. Traditional medicine emphasizesholistic and individualized treatment approaches. However, thereis still little appreciation of traditional medicine within the conventional health practice missing out on the opportunity to harness its holistic capability. The current study found that there was considerable reliance on traditional medicine in Alego-Usonga for COVID-19 treatment. This stemmed from Alego-Usonga’sstrong cultural roots with traditionalherbalists, cultural and spiritual leaders playing a critical role in the preservation of that legacy. That notwithstanding, there was community appreciation of the importance of conventional medical practices in the management of COVID-19. While individuals mentioned varying traditional remedies and therapies useful in the management of COVID-19, there was evidence of adherence to the calls for vaccination as well as a positive accurate understanding of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and safety. These results therefore demonstrate a rich combination of indigenous knowledge and modern medical practice putting to focus the need for integration of ethnomedical practices into modern COVID-19 health guidelines to provide for a holistic healthcare system to deal with the contemporary health challenges.
Keywords: Traditional medicine, Conventional medical practice, COVID-19 Vaccination, Integration