This study analyzes epistemic and deontic modalities regarding CHẾT (to die) in Vietnamese using Scopus texts to gain cultural insights on mortality conceptualizations. The linguistic theories of researchers like Nuyts, Bybee and Fleischman, and Vietnamese scholars inform the frameworks concerning epistemic factuality judgments and deontic necessity/permissibility assessments. Methodologically, statistical and descriptive modal expression analysis combined with comparative, contextual and quality assessments elucidate patterns conveying evidential reasoning, social norms, obligations and existential perspectives tied to dying. Quantifying and detailing prevalent grammatical structures and semantic nuances of key modal terms used in death discussions reveals the hybrid interfacing of traditional morality and modern rationality markers. The results should enrich philosophical, anthropological and linguistic perspectives on this profound existential domain by uncovering enduring belief systems, values and symbolic meanings regarding Vietnamese interpretations of mortality’s ontology. Findings elucidate how modal verbal processes linguistically embed cultural conceptualizations of the fundamental experience of human dying. Implications encompass enhanced scholarly views on Vietnamese thought across the spectrum from moral propriety to logical probability in the pivotal context of inevitable mortality. This investigation into modal linguistic forms represents an insightful conduit for expanding academic understandings of Vietnamese social psychology regarding mortality.
Keywords: Modality; Epistemic; Deontic; Mortality, Vietnamese linguistics

Joint degree programs have been developed in reaction to globalization, providing students with the chance to pursue higher education internationally. This study examines the quality assurance procedures that govern such programs. Commencing with the fundamental ideas and a chronological survey, it charts the development of joint degree programs, emphasizing their importance in promoting intercultural cooperation and scholarly interchange. Subsequently, an evaluation of internal quality assurance is conducted at both the home and host institutions, with a focus on the significance of upholding uniform standards in various educational settings. This entails ensuring the congruence of courses, assessment modalities, and student assistance provisions. Furthermore, external quality assurance measures, including as assessment standards and accreditation procedures, are crucial in maintaining the legitimacy and comparability of joint degree programs at a worldwide level. Accreditation agencies and regulatory bodies play a crucial role in verifying the quality of programs and promoting their recognition. Nevertheless, the study also examines the difficulties that naturally arise in ensuring quality, such as variations in academic cultures, legal frameworks, and logistical obstacles. These challenges require creative methods to align standards and improve clarity in evaluation procedures. In conclusion, this literature review highlights the complex and diverse aspects of quality assurance in international joint degree programs. It emphasizes the importance of stakeholder collaboration in order to guarantee academic excellence and the achievement of students studying abroad.
Keywords: quality assurance, joint program, transnational education, accreditation, student mobility

This article explores the adaptable approach to learning English, inspired by Bruce Lee's famous quote: "You put water into a bottle, it becomes the bottle..." The exploration starts by summarising the difficulties of becoming proficient in English. The text delves into Bruce Lee's idea of adaptability, drawing connections between martial arts adaptability and language learning, emphasising the crucial role of adaptability in various learning settings. The following sections discuss traditional classroom settings, immersive language environments, and internet platforms, providing insights into the constraints, benefits, and flexible techniques specific to each context. The article discusses the importance of identifying personalised learning styles and offers adaptive strategies for visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners. The text delves into methods for overcoming typical challenges in language acquisition, fostering perseverance, and appreciating cultural subtleties, highlighting the interdependence of language and culture. Strategies for cultivating a flexible and adaptive mindset in language acquisition, such as fostering a growth mindset and creating versatile study schedules, are outlined. The story includes successful examples of individuals who have overcome challenges by adapting and embodying the principle of flexibility in their quest to achieve English language proficiency.

Online learning modality has become an indispensable part of higher education because it offers flexibility in time and space and allows learners to access and manage their learning anywhere. However, the feeling of isolation causes high student attrition rates in online learning, which significantly impacts quality and economic consequences in higher education. The quality of course content is a critical factor influencing student perception and satisfaction with their online courses. Providing well-structured and well-designed online courses can engage learners, improve their learning experiences, and facilitate achieving their academic goals. This study aims to ascertain the effectiveness of a revised online course in the master‘s program of health care administration. The community of inquiry serves as the theoretical foundation for this research study. A mixed-method research design is utilized to collect data from multiple sources for triangulation. The findings from this study confirm results generated from various empirical research projects. The limitations and future research are discussed. The implications for online education instructors, instructional designers, and administrators are also presented.
Keywords: content quality, course redesign, online learning, student success, the community of inquiry.

The aim of this research is to determine the synergy of regulations, fiscal support, and government policies to anticipate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The research was carried out using empirical legal research methods. Conclusions from the research results: 1) running of state power and carrying out of government tasks and public services during the emergency period of the Covid-19 pandemic disaster, can be done based on the state in exception or the condition of the state in civil emergency. Article 22 of the Constitution of Indonesia in 1945 uses the terms: a) a state of danger, and b) matters of compelling urgency, as stated in the Elucidation to Article 22 as urgent regulations by the President. At a practical level, the Government has established regulations based on the Constitution Article 4 paragraph (1) by issuing Government Regulation in lieu of Law Number 1 of 2020 as Law Nr. 2 of 2020. 2) To anticipate the social and economic impact of the Covid-19 Global Pandemic, the Government has made efforts to save health and the national economy, with a focus on health spending, social safety nets, as well as economic recovery for the business world and affected communities.
Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, Policy Implementation, National Economic Recovery.

The research highlights the role of neuromuscular control training in the case of Argentine tango, as a performance sport. This means of training is a huge reserve of performance, in the current context in which, the training factors known on a large scale, bring more and more limited progress. Methods: The study was conducted in 2019, using the Ergosim condition simulator in order to analyze proprioceptive sense and neuromuscular control in the trunk for the subjects involved in the study. It is a “real experiment” type investigation in which the emphasis is placed on the component parameters of the model, respectively: the force level, the brake constant and the length of the movement. The recording of the mechanical effect of neuromuscular control was performed by applying an isotonic exercise, specific to Argentine tango on the two groups of subjects. The exercise was performed in different directions (left and right), with and without visual stimulus. Results: 10 Argentine tango dancers participated in the study. Statistical analysis revealed differences in A left (p <0.10), B right (p <0.08) for the procedure “Without feedback in real time” and C left (p <0.01), D right (p <0.005) for ”Feedback in real time''. Significant differences were observed for C left and D right within p <0.05, but not for the procedure without visual stimulus. Conclusions: An effective training program on neuromuscular control has benefits in improving the technique of tango dance, with a high degree of increase in the psychomotor potential of the dancer.
Keywords: tango; psychomotor development; neuromuscular control; perception; dance, motion capture

A key component of a healthy organization is the mental well-being of its employees. Workplace spirituality and mindfulness are increasingly favored by organizations. Nonetheless, research on how these elements influence employee wellbeing remains insufficiently explored. The main goal of this study is to investigate how mindfulness and workplace spirituality jointly affect employee well-being. The findings indicate a significant relationship among the three studied variables. Additionally, both workplace spirituality and mindfulness were identified as important predictors of mental well-being. This study enhances existing literature by shedding light on the factors that influence employees’ mental well-being and suggests ways to improve it within organizations.
Keywords: Workplace Spirituality, Mindfulness, Employee Well-being

This paper conducts a thorough examination of the intricate factors influencing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Zimbabwe, spanning from its post-independence economic surge to the challenging period of 2000-2023. Hyperinflation, currency depreciation, governance challenges, infrastructure deficiencies, fiscal policies, and corruption are scrutinized to comprehend their collective impact on FDI. Through historical context, data points, and pertinent citations, the study highlights the multifaceted challenges faced by Zimbabwe in attracting and sustaining FDI. It underscores the necessity for strategic adjustments, targeted incentives, and robust anti-corruption measures to foster a transparent and conducive environment for sustainable economic development.
Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Corruption and FDI, Zimbabwean Economy, Policy Adjustments, Sustainable Development

Gig economy is the exchange of labour for money between the employer and workers on a gig basis. Gig is a slang word for a job that is held for a specified time.
As per the latest report of the NITI Aayog, India‟s Booming Gig and Platform Economy (June 2022), “The gig workforce is expected to expand to 2.35 crore (23.5 million) workers by 2029-30. The Employment elasticity to the GDP for these Gig workers have been greater than one which is greater than the general Employment elasticity to the GDP. This would further result into the conversion of the non-Gig workers to the Gig workers in future. The Gig economy thus is a free market system creating temporary and flexible jobs, granting more autonomy to workers and enabling companies to operate in a competent and cost-effective way and as such it is a win-win game for both, the workers and the employers. The Gig economy has proved as a boon for workers who lost their jobs during the Pandemic and those who belong to the informal sector. However, this emergence of the digital workers offers an opportunity to reap the demographic dividend along with a huge bundle of challenges too.

The topic of reception constitutes a complete theory that has an impact on literary discourse and interest in the reader as “(a basic concept used in analyzing the conditions for receiving impact, which is the primary meaning of the text)” (Alqathy et al, 2010, p. 314), and its place in this theory, Reception was a revolution in the face of old theories and ancient approaches such as historical, Marxist and others, which went beyond the role of the recipient and his influence in evaluating literary works, in contrast to modern critical approaches and their new theories, which paid great attention to the recipient because he is one of the important elements in the literary process. Calvino tries in his novel If a Traveler in the Night Winter to explain his critical view on the role of the writer and the reader in the reading process, by addressing the reading process in detail, explaining the role that the reader plays in evaluating literary texts, and the role of the writer* (the active self: which is the self that produces literature represented by the writer or author), ( Odeh, p. 134) He is the active self who is considered the first pillar of the process of reading through the text that he edits and highlights his vision regarding the matters he wants to present, as Calvino tried to comprehend the theories of reading in his novel If a Traveler in the Night Winterwhich It was one of his most prominent literary works.

Residential care is considered a last resort for children/young people at risk, when all other options have proven to be ineffective in terms of protection, promotion and development of their life project. Institutionalization in shelters aims to satisfy all basic needs in young people at risk, promoting their integration, both in the family, at school (educational/training path) and in the community, in order to contribute to their personal, social and professional valorization, in the construction of your life project, which implies the issue of your autonomy and empowerment. The theme had within the theoretical-conceptual framework and literature on institutionalized children and young people at risk and their academic career/performance, research in this area and, in particular, some studies carried out in institutions in Castelo Branco, as our approach focuses at the Shelter in the city of Castelo Branco (ADME) -Portugal. The problem of the qualitative methodology study (case study), which took place between 2021-22, aimed to understand what support and interventions institutional care technicians at the school develop, so that these young people at risk (sample N= 11) could build their life project. We established the following objectives: analyze the perception of young people hosted in the foster home regarding the process of autonomy and the challenges it entails; analyze the integration of these young people at risk in the school context, knowing that they attend different schools; understand the learning difficulties of these young people in their schooling process; determine the socio-educational path of these institutionalized young people with their respective academic performance and performance; understand the intervention of the institution's technicians in the school and training process of these young people; learn about the collaboration between the host institution and the school, in promoting coexistence and socialization relationships; understand the construction of these young people‟s life projects, identifying their perceptions, expectations and ambitions. We used the following techniques and instruments to obtain data: documentary, natural/empirical and participant observation; semi-structured interviews (young people; technicians; school teachers); recording field notes; „Focus Group‟ at ADME with young people. We performed content analysis and data triangulation in evaluating the research questions formulated. The results confirmed the important role of the institution's technicians in supporting young people's academic career and performance and in building their life projects. We highlight the good interrelationship between the host institution and schools with regard to the development of autonomy skills and young people's desires for their personal/social integration into society.
Keywords: Institutionalization, Young people at risk, Educational path, Life project, Foster home.

A country makes entrepreneurship the basis of the economic transformation of developed countries, especially in creating new jobs for graduates. The business management skills that students possess before graduation are important in entrepreneurship. The business management skills possessed by high school students still do not enable and encourage them to understand how important entrepreneurial culture is to society. Therefore this study was conducted with the aim of; a) identify differences in entrepreneurial cultural tendencies of different genders; b) identify a significant relationship between business management skills and entrepreneurial culture tendencies among high school students. This study involved 226 2 students at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Dato Mahmud Paduka Raja (1), Tanah Merah who were randomly selected as the study sample. The research instrument used is a quantitative descriptive study in the form of a survey using a questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results of the study show that gender differences do not affect differences in entrepreneurial culture tendencies. The results of the study also show a significant relationship between business management skills and entrepreneurial culture tendencies among high school students. This study provides important implications for educational policy makers and educators in planning curricula and learning programs that support the development of business management skills and foster entrepreneurial tendencies among high school students.
Keywords: skills, business management, culture, entrepreneurship, high school

Badal Sircar came to prominence in the theatre scene of Bengal in the 1960s. It was an era of change and regeneration in the history of World literature. The rise of new tendencies like postmodernism, marxism, postcolonialism, absurdism, surrealism, existentialism was gradually taking the place of older philosophical beliefs. Britain emerged from the two World Wars triumphant but exhausted. The theatres of Ivor Novello and Noel Coward were entertaining to the wartime audience. Terence Rattigan and Samuel Beckett produced work that evoked a ravaged post-war world beset with uncertainty. The war literally and metaphorically changed the scenario of the British Theatre. This is true in case of the other countries of the world—Poland, Nigeria and Germany. The Western world was still going through the aftermath of the two World Wars when in 1950 a new kind of drama came into prominence with John Osborne‟s Look Back in Anger. Jimmy emerges as the Angry Young Man finding himself maladjusted in the society. He vents out his anger and unrest through the play and thus becomes the voice of the maladjusted youth of the post-war era. The other forms of drama like the kitchen-sink drama, the avant-garde or the Theatre of the Absurd became prominent in the West. The philosophy of life has undergone a complete change with the Wars and the different forms of drama went on to focus on the present social scenario. The drawing room comedies of the previous century were gradually displaced by social plays. The epic theatre of Brecht was an innovation that redefined theatre in a new way altogether.

There are so many entrepreneurial motivational factors that drive a business to be set up, especially in the SME industry. Found through past studies, motivational factors in entrepreneurship play a key role in being the reason traders can succeed and last longer in the SME industry (Mashenene & Kumburu, 2020). The main purpose of this study is to analyze knowledge factors, attitude factors and interest factors of small traders in Telupid Town. Next, can those three factors be the driving force for the entrepreneurial motivation of these small traders? A total of 170 traders from Telupid Town were selected as respondents for this study. A questionnaire distributed to obtain data from all respondents. All data obtained through questionnaires are analyzed using descriptive statistical methods involving mean scores and standard deviations. To analyze the data, the Statistical Package Social Science Software (SPSS) version 27 was used in this study. Based on the research that has been conducted, the results of each factor can be seen that interest, attitude and knowledge are at an important level. This proves that the knowledge factor, the attitude factor, and the interest factor are very influential in being a motivating factor for a trader's motivation. Implications from this study, the parties should study the level of motivation towards entrepreneurship among the community, especially high school students. This may help the school and those involved to shape and help young school leavers to venture into business.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial Motivation, Knowledge, Attitude, Interest, Small Traders

All sorts of cross-border activities promote demand for and supply of foreign currency, which is catered through the foreign exchange market of the country. Historical data shows that the Advanced countries‘ currencies were more preferred for any cross-border transactions and even to maintain the foreign exchange reserves in the form of national security. Due to rapid changes in the geopolitical scenarios and international relations in the world, countries, other than advanced countries or EEC members, are about to change their currency preferences and are trying to revamp country‘s foreign exchange market. Country wise the case is differing.
Whether it is Full capital account convertibility or internationalisation of currency, academic discussions of such topics are inevitable. This paper intends to initiate such discussions, taking the process of internationalisation of Indian rupee also into account.
Keywords: Currency, internationalisation, de-dollarization, financial market, trade, etc.

This paper analyses the relationship between Income level and poverty in Pakistan. The results relay on regression estimates by using the time series data for the period of fifty-nine year. By using the OLS technique a single equation model has been regressed. For the accuracy of results, two tests have been performed, one is Pre-estimation test (Test of stationary) used before regression, and two is Post- estimation test (Test of Phillips-Perron test) used after regression. We have used per capita income as dependent variable and check its relation with poverty in the Pakistan economy.
Aim of the paper is to analyze the existing relation between income level and poverty in Pakistan. The error correction model is used to estimate the relationship between income level and poverty. The estimates show that there is negative relationship between income level and poverty in the economy over the period.
Keywords: Income Level, Poverty

This study aims to find and describe the various difficulties of teachers in using audio-visual media. The subjects of this research are principals and educators at Kantar Catholic Elementary School (hereinafter SDK Kantar) Manggarai, Indonesia. The object of this research is to analyse teachers' difficulties in using audio visual media. Data collection techniques used observation and interviews as well as documentation studies, with triangulation as a tool to test the validity of the data. The results of the study found that there are still some teachers who are old and cannot use IT-based media such as laptops, projectors and so on. Apart from the age factor, there are also some teachers who cannot use audio-visual media in the learning process because they lack the knowledge to use it and even if they have a laptop but are unable to access and develop audio-visual media. Furthermore, the limited IT facilities at school are also one of the factors causing teachers not to use audio-visual media in the learning process.
Keywords: Teacher, Audio Visual Media

This research aims to determine the description of self-efficacy regarding the adjustment of new students, in the psychology study program, Muhammadiyah University, North Maluku. What factors influence self-efficacy. The research method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The data collection techniques used are interviews, observation and documentation. There were three participants in this study, consisting of 2 female and 1 male. The results of this research show that the factors that make their self-efficacy not develop optimally are due to lack of experience in life, lack of role modeling and low social support from the immediate environment as well as poor emotional management.
Keywords: self efficacy, self adjustment, adolescent

Past research suggests that student engagement, interaction, and collaboration in online learning environments have positive effects on both student satisfaction and students‟ perceived learning (Eom, Wen, & Ashill, 2006; Gray & DiLoreto, 2016; Swan, 2001; Thurmond & Wambach, 2004). Although there is evidence of the importance of student engagement and interaction, there is little support of specific engagement and interaction strategies successfully implemented in online courses. Furthermore, faculty members‟ beliefs about the use of engagement strategies in online courses is lacking in the literature. Using the Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education (Chickering & Gamson, 1987) as a guide for effective engagement strategies, the researcher collected data from both students completing online courses and faculty teaching online courses to investigate the beliefs about the level and type of engagement activities embedded within online courses. Results indicated a statistically significant model for both student satisfaction and perceived learning with instructor presence accounting for the majority of the variability in both satisfaction (R2 = 0.869) and perceived learning (R2 = 0.863). Although instructor presence accounted for most of the variability in both student satisfaction and perceived learning, findings from course observations and faculty interviews illustrated that this engagement rarely occurred in these classes. These findings suggest additional research about engagement strategies in online courses is needed.
Keywords: Student engagement, Active learning, Student satisfaction, Perceived learning

The Western Indo Pacific biogeographic region spans across the Western and Central part of the Indian Ocean towards the Pacific Ocean. It is a regional strategic hotspot for trade, global geopolitics, environmental concerns and maritime security for numerous countries across Eastern Africa, the Arabian Gulf, East and South Asia and Australia. China and India have been key players in the geopolitics of the region, each aiming to make known their dominance and hinting at geostrategic power play. In recent years there has been an observable commercial shift and focus on the Western Indo Pacific as a global economic epicentre (Saon, 2021) which has equally contributed to other rising concerns in the region, among them territorial disputes and maritime security.

Culture is a broad spectrum of human phenomena, including material accomplishments, conventions, ideas, emotions, behaviours, morality, and more. It is the structured manner of living of a certain group of people which serves as a source of identification. The term traditional festival implies an indigenous cultural institution, an integral dynamic part of a culture of an un-alienated Africa, and the occasion to which it responds spontaneously not just a religious occasion, because it commends more than a tiny fraction of interest among the people. Ikenge festival of Akashiede kingdom is a very important festival as it is the most widely celebrated in Ukwuani Local Government Area, Delta State. The dramatic elements which make up the Ikenge festival and which are associated with the life experiences of Akashiede people includes the Igbudu dance, Ukwata dance, Ogbenegbe dance, Omu-Enudance, and the Iwu-Olie. These activities build up dramatic tension and throw the community into festive and celebrating mood. The Ikenge festival in its unique form just like other traditional festivals across Africa, Nigeria in particular is derived from ritual activities that connect the worship of gods and deified beings. Apart from the religious nature of Ikenge festival, it assist in channeling the artistic life of Akashiede people like costume and make-up, mask, dance, song and music. In traditional African festival celebration there is always an attempt to achieve effective interplay of various factors of performance, the Ikenge festival is not an exemption. The Ikenge festival attempts to achieve effective interplay in the various factors of its performance.
Keywords: Traditional, African, Festival, Functions, Elements, Ikenge.

The trends in modern management endow today's manager with new characteristics or skills, which are constantly practiced to achieve a degree of perfection as close as possible to the desired one. Skills in modern management involve a series of skills derived from group social qualities, new techniques for motivating staff through non-financial values, communication adapted to the typology of the individual, decision-making power based on consultation and feed-back. The manager's performance is quantified including through a self-evaluation, managed through self-awareness as well as one's own qualities and flaws.
Keywords: communication, motivation, decision making, self-awareness, modern management.

The objectives of this study are to 1) study the digital leadership level of primary school Chinese language teachers in Shuangliu District, Chengdu City.2)study the guidelines for digital leadership development of primary school Chinese language teachers in Shuangliu District, Chengdu City. This study selected a sample of 235 primary school Chinese language teachers in Shuangliu District, Chengdu City, through random sampling. And 9 education administrators from primary schools in Shuangliu District, Chengdu City. The main research instruments were questionnaires and structured interviews. Data statistics covers various statistical measures such as percentages, means, and standard deviations. The research results found that: 1. The state of the digital leadership level of primary school Chinese language teachers in Shuangliu District, Chengdu was at a high level.2. Analyze the current status of the digital leadership based on the following five dimensions: 1) digital analysis capability 2) digital design capability 3) digital implementation capability 4) digital evaluation capability 5) digital innovation capability. This study proposes a guideline for improving the digital leadership of primary school Chinese language teachers.
Keywords: Digital leadership, Primary school, Chinese language teachers

The objectives of this study are to 1) study the current situation of the 21st century core competencies for mathematics teachers in higher vocational colleges in Sichuan.2) propose a guideline for the development of the 21st-century core competencies for mathematics teachers in higher vocational colleges in Sichuan. This study selected a sample group of 283 mathematics teachers from higher vocational colleges in Chengdu, through random sampling. And conducted interviews with 5 education administrators from the above colleges. The main research instruments were questionnaires and structured interviews. Data statistics covers various statistical measures such as percentages, means, and standard deviations. The research results found that: 1. The state of the 21st-century core competencies for mathematics teachers in higher vocational colleges in Sichuan was at a high level.2) . Analyze the current status of the 21st-century core competencies for mathematics teachers based on the following five dimensions: 1) civil literacy 2) social literacy 3) communication literacy 4) network literacy 5) teamwork literacy 6) STEM literacy. This study proposes guidelines for the 21st-century core competencies for mathematics teachers.
Keywords: mathematics teacher, 21st century core competencies, vocational colleges.

The objectives of this study are to 1) study the level of sustainable development ability of accounting teachers in Higher Vocational Colleges in Sichuan, China. 2) study the guidelines of sustainable development ability of accounting teachers in Higher Vocational Colleges in Sichuan, China.This research selected a sample of 240 accounting teachers from 10 higher vocational colleges in Sichuan,through random sampling. and conducted interviews with 5 education administrators from the 10 higher vocational colleges in Sichuan. The main research instruments were questionnaires and structured interviews. Data statistics covers various statistical measures such as percentages, means, and standard deviations. The research results found that: 1. The state of the sustainable development ability of accounting teachers in Sichuan higher vocational colleges, China is at a high level. 2. Analyze the status quo of the sustainable development ability of accounting teachers in Sichuan higher vocational colleges based on the following five dimensions: 1) Continuous learning ability 2) Continuous practice ability 3) Continuous assessment ability 4) Continuous interdisciplinary ability 5) Continuous innovation ability. This study proposes guidelines for the sustainable development ability of accounting teachers in Sichuan higher vocational colleges.
Keywords: accounting teachers, sustainable development, vocational colleges.

This article explains a kind of free, fair and can limit crime to the maximum social system.
Keywords: commercial public office, level-by-level election system, basicization of job qualification

Common Words and Suffixes used between Arabic 'Iraqi Dialect' and Turkey Turkish in the Ottoman Period before the Turks came to Anatolia, they got to know the Arabs, and exchanged with them in the field of trade and culture. After the Ottoman Empire ruled the regions of Arabs, the effects of Arabs on their civilizations and social lives as well as their language and literature were seen. Since the Ottoman Empire ruled by many Arab countries for nearly 600 years and daily contact was established between Arabs and Turks, Arabic Ottoman Turkish was very influenced and hundreds of Turkish-origin words were transferred to Arabic. One of these Arab countries is Iraq, which is in the south of Turkey, so the interaction between languages has been at a high level. In these periods, hundreds of words passed from Ottoman Turkish to Arabic. Turkey is socially and economically intertwined with Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, and other cities. Therefore, many words have passed from Turkish to "Iraq" dialect. Of course, the Iraqi language can also be influenced by other languages and has been influenced by a language like Ottoman Turkish. Ottoman Turkish has transformed the words coming from foreign languages into the "Iraqi" dialect by acting as a bridge. Again, many words in pure Ottoman Turkish have passed into the dialect of "Iraq". Some Ottoman words are pronounced differently in "Iraq" dialect. In general, we used the term "Ottoman Turkish" because many words were used in the "Iraq" dialect during the Ottoman period.
Keywords: Ottoman period, Turkish, Iraqi dialect, common words

Illegal logging is the highest forest destruction crime compared to other forest destruction crimes such as environmental damage, forest and land fires, forest encroachment, pollution, and wild plants and animals during the last decade in Indonesia. Based on this phenomenon, this research aims to determine the legal policy regarding sanction arrangements for criminal offenses in Indonesia. The findings show that the regulation of sanctions for the criminal offense of Illegal logging in Indonesia does not yet reflect justice because the content that regulates the criminal offense of illegal logging still creates legal uncertainty. This will then affect law enforcement efforts related to the criminal act of illegal logging, namely related to prosecution and imposition of criminal sanctions on perpetrators of illegal logging. Furthermore, the Revision of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation goes beyond philosophical and juridical considerations, which emphasize the importance of a conducive investment climate by improving the licensing process and not removing or changing provisions in the Law Number 41 of 1998 on Forestry, Law Number 18 of 2013 on the Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction and Law Number 32 of 2009 on the Environmental Protection and Management. The revision of the Job Creation Law fulfills the lex posterior derogate legi priori principle. However, it also contradicts the principle of lex specialist derogate legigeneralis because it discusses more general matters than specific provisions on forestry. Consequently, this contradiction will create injustice in the implementation of law enforcement efforts and the imposition of sanctions in Indonesia.
Keywords: Legal Policy, Sanctions, Criminal Offence of Illegal Logging.

This study departs from the issue of criminal regulation of road organizers regulated by Article 273 of the Road Traffic and Transportation Law which adheres to the principle of primum remedium. It causes injustice and not in line with the constitutional rights of state organizers guaranteed by the constitution in Article 28D Paragraph (1) and Article 28G Paragraph (1). The present study utilizes normative juridical research with a statutory approach supported by philosophical, conceptual, and comparative legal approaches. The findings of the research show that the criminal regulation of road organizers that prioritizes the principle of primum remedium that exists in substance, purpose and objective is contrary to the values of Pancasila (especially the value of a just and civilized humanity and justice for all Indonesian people), the national goals of the Indonesian state (namely protecting all Indonesian people and the blood of Indonesia), contrary to Articles 28D and 28G of the 1945 Constitution; contrary to the Constitutional Guarantee and violates human rights, namely the right to recognition, guarantees, protection and certainty of a just law and equal treatment before the law for road organizers. The urgency of the ultimum remedium principle in the criminal policy arrangements for road organizers because the arrangements as stipulated in the law do not have a strong philosophical basis and are excessive because criminal law should be used as an ultimum remedium (ultimate weapon) not premium remedium (main weapon) if other more effective legal means can be used to discipline road organizers so that it is necessary to have a criminal policy for road organizers based on the principle of balance that places criminal sanctions as an ultimum remedium for criminal acts of road organizers to achieve justice, legal certainty, expediency in Indonesia.
Keywords: Criminal Policy, Highway Operator Crime, Ultimum Remedium, Justness, Certainty, Benefit

This paper explores the concept of epistemic savagery in Orhan Pamuk’s novel My Name is Red. It examines how the narrative technique and the perspectives of the characters reflect a clash between individualism and religious communitarianism within the context of Ottoman art and culture. By analyzing the use of first-person narration and the ideological conflict over artistic representation, the study reveals how characters struggle with the influence of Western individualism on traditional Islamic values. The paper also delves into the symbolism of classical miniature painting, the role of the artist under the Sultan’s rule, and the presence of homoeroticism and pederasty in the novel. These elements are discussed to illustrate the broader epistemic violence experienced during a period when Renaissance ideals began to permeate the Ottoman Empire. Ultimately, the study highlights the contradictions between the characters' professed beliefs and their actions, offering a nuanced understanding of the tension between preserving cultural heritage and embracing new artistic paradigms.
Keywords: Epistemic savagery, individualism, religious communitarianism, Renaissance influence, narrative technique, homoeroticism, pederasty, cultural heritage, artistic representation.

The present study was an attemptto explore theeffects of concept mapping (CM), directed reading thinking activity (DRTA), and know-want to know-learned (KWL) reading strategies on Iranian secondary school students’ reading comprehension. To perform this, 69 male secondary school students in Doroud, Lorestan province were selected to take part in this study. Then, the participants were divided into three equal-sized experimental groups namely CM, DRTA and KWL groups.Toevaluate the students’ reading comprehensionat the onset of the study, a teacher-made reading pretest was administered. After the treatment sessions, the participants in the groups took a readingposttest to measure their ability in reading after the instruction. Obtained results showed that using CM strategy did not have significanteffect on the EFL students’ reading comprehension. On the other hand, DRTA and KWL did have significanteffects on thestudents’ reading. That is, utilizing DRTA and KWL strategies significantly boosted the participants’ reading ability. Moreover, DRTA was the most effective strategy in enhancing the participants’ reading comprehension. Implications of the study suggest that administering DRTA and KWLcan enhance reading comprehension of Iranian secondary EFL students.
Keywords: CM, DRTA, KWL, Reading Comprehension

The present study was an attempt to explore the relationship between field-dependence and field-independence cognitive style and IELTS listening comprehension ability. To do the research as an experimental study, 90 Iranian female intermediate EFL Learners were selected to participate in the study. The instruments of the study were: a) General English Proficiency Test of PET to homogenize the leaners. b) The E&L questionnaire was applied to classify the EFL learners into FI/FD groups. c) A pretest and a posttest of IELTS listening comprehension. In order to homogenize the participants, 180 learners were given a PET test. After homogenization, 90 learners were selected to participate in the research. Then, In order to classify the learners into FI/FD groups, the F&D questionnaire was given to the learners. As a result, the learners were divided into three groups: One control group and the two experimental groups (FD/FI groups). Each group consisted of 30 language learners. In order to investigate the three groups in listening comprehension, two standardized tests of IELTS listening comprehension were used as a pretest and a posttest. After administration of the tests, the ANCOVA test was used to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that field-independent participants were strongly better in the IELTS listening comprehension than field-dependent individuals.
Keywords: cognitive style, field dependence, field independence, listening performance

The present study was an attempt to explore the effect of teaching reading skill based on TPACKprinciples on Payame Nooruniversity students’ reading comprehension performance.To achieve the purpose,114 Iranianstudentsat Payame Noor Universityin Garmsar, Semnan province, Iranwere selected. They took Oxford Placement Test and 48 intermediate-level students were randomly assigned into two equal groups (i.e., one experimental and one control group). Then, both groups were pretested on reading to evaluate the learners’ reading knowledge at the beginning of the research. During the treatment, the experimental group received reading teachingbased on TPACK principles. On the other hand, there were no TPACK principlesin teaching reading sections for the control group. In other words, the control groups received the reading instruction based on conventional way of teaching.At last, to become aware of the students' achievement in reading skill after the treatment, the posttest was administered to both groups. Data were analyzed through a series of independent samples t-test to compare the groups' scores before and after the treatment. The findings revealed that teaching reading skill based on TPACKprinciples did have statistically significant effects on the students’ reading comprehension performance. Conversely, reading comprehension performance of the control group was not developed significantly in comparison with the experiment al group. Implications of the study suggest that that teaching reading skill based on TPACK principles can enhanceIranian university students’ reading comprehension.
Keywords: Reading, TPACK, University Students

Bogor Regency has made efforts to create a waste management model and encourage the community to process waste at waste producing sources. However, there is still a large volume of waste disposed of in final disposal sites (TPA) which is a burden for the government which in the end is also shared with the community by collecting levies. To reduce waste thrown into landfill, it is still necessary to empower the community in managing waste at the source, including by channeling the results of waste management so that it has economic value which becomes an incentive for waste processors at the source.
This research focuses on a comprehensive study (1) Knowing the existing management of waste levies in the Bogor Regency area; (2) Know the structure and amount of levy rates regarding the procedures for calculating levy rates in waste management; (3) Propose an optimal mechanism for collecting and collecting cleaning fees in Bogor Regency. The research method used is quantitative with descriptive analysis, comparative analysis and qualitative methods through literature study approaches, field surveys and in-depth interviews. This research is a form of continued implementation of the results of research conducted by the Team Leader which focuses on IKS (Social Resilience Index) in the field of BPJS (Health Insurance Administering Agency) Health in the informal sector [1; 2; 3; 4; and 5], and research related to the Village Development Index (IDM) in Bogor Regency [6; 7 and 8].
Research Stages: 1). Recapitulation of waste data and information and waste collection mechanisms, 2). Field observations and surveys 3). In-depth interviews and technical recapitulation of waste, and 4). Formulation of an optimization model for the provision of waste facilities/infrastructure.
The research results of the three method tools above essentially show the tariff structure and waste collection systems in various regions as input to the Bogor Regency Environmental Service (DLH) by comparing the "market mechanisms" that occur. Although the determination of this tariff system in each region is very dependent on many factors in that region, such as: the distance of the transportation object to the landfill, the inflation rate, the number of fleets, the transportation system, the tariff calculation system and so on. Including a SWOT analysis which shows various: strengths, weaknesses, threats and challenges that DLH Bogor Regency has, in implementing the waste levy system, and in the future determining patterns and mechanisms that are more effective, efficient and improving calculation categories and transportation mechanisms that are not yet optimal. Furthermore, this recommendation section becomes the culmination of the entire study by narrowing down specific, effective and efficient tariff system patterns and mechanisms that are more reliable, provide convenience, and simplify structures and mechanisms.
Keywords: Management; Optimization_of Facilities/Infrastructure; Waste; Bogor_Regency