This study examines the efficacy of peer assessment as a mechanism for evaluating the instructional performance of novice teachers in English language education. The primary objective is to determine the extent to which novice teachers can benefit from peer evaluations conducted by colleagues within the same discipline and to assess the prevalence and effectiveness of this assessment approach in English language teaching practices. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of peer assessment on the pedagogical competencies of novice educators.
The research was conducted with a sample of 20 English teachers employed in middle schools, utilizing semi-structured interviews as the principal method of data collection. The findings indicate that English teachers acknowledge and endorse the use of peer assessment, highlighting its significance in fostering instructional improvement. Specifically, participants emphasized that peer assessment contributes to professional development by engaging novice teachers in lesson planning, goal setting, self-reflection, collaborative pedagogical activities, and systematic performance evaluation; these findings match the results of Kurdritskaya's (2024) that peer assessment has a positive effect on teachers' learning and teaching.
Despite its advantages, several challenges associated with peer assessment were identified. These include heightened anxiety among novice teachers, the potential for embarrassment, and concerns regarding the exposure of specific instructional weaknesses. In light of these findings, the study advocates for the integration of structured peer assessment frameworks into teacher training programs to optimize their effectiveness in enhancing professional growth and pedagogical proficiency.
Keywords: peer assessment, novice teachers, performance tasks, intermediate schools

The removal of fuel subsidies in Nigeria in May 2023 triggered sharp increases in petrol prices, with profound consequences for fuel-dependent livelihoods, particularly in the informal transportation sector. This study examines the coping strategies adopted by informal transport operators and appraises the policy responses introduced by the government to support them in Sokoto State. Drawing on a mixed-methods research design, the study surveyed 400 informal transport operators—motorcycle (Okada) riders, tricycle (Keke Napep) operators, and informal taxi/mini-bus drivers—across six purposively selected Local Government Areas with the highest concentration of informal transport activity. Quantitative data were complemented with key informant interviews conducted with union leaders, government officials, and transport-sector stakeholders. Findings reveal that operators rely largely on self-managed coping strategies such as fare increases, route and trip optimisation, household expenditure cuts, fuel-saving techniques, and longer working hours, often at the expense of their health and family welfare. Evidence shows very limited institutional or social safety-net support, with nearly nine out of ten operators receiving no structured assistance from unions, religious bodies, or formal credit systems. On the policy side, government responses were narrow in coverage and modest in depth; only 14.5% of respondents reported receiving any form of support, mainly one-off cash transfers or ad hoc training. Communication gaps further constrained access, as over half of operators reported receiving no information on available palliatives. The study concludes that current coping strategies are largely survivalist and unsustainable, and that government policy responses remain insufficiently targeted, poorly communicated, and weakly institutionalised. It recommends the expansion of fuel-voucher schemes, targeted microcredit, sector-specific welfare programmes, and clear communication frameworks, anchored in Welfare Economics Theory and Public Choice Theory, to improve the welfare and resilience of informal transport operators in the post-subsidy era.
Keywords: Fuel Subsidy Removal, Informal Transport Operators, Coping Strategies, Government Policy Responses

Vocal music education in universities plays a crucial role in cultivating students’ artistic literacy, cultural awareness, and overall personal development. The professional quality of vocal music teachers has become a decisive factor in ensuring the effectiveness of teaching and achieving educational goals. However, challenges such as uneven professional competence, limited opportunities for continuous training, and insufficient teaching resources still persist in higher education institutions. This paper explores strategies for enhancing the professional quality of university vocal music teachers. Key approaches include strengthening pedagogical training, promoting continuing professional development, optimizing access to educational resources, and motivating teachers through supportive institutional policies. By integrating these strategies, universities can establish a sustainable system for teacher development, thereby advancing the overall quality of vocal music education.
Keywords: Vocal Music Education; Professional Quality; Teacher Development; Higher Education; Strategies

Educational institutions are a place where the educational process takes place to develop human beings, with the goal of imparting knowledge and transforming individual behavior for the better through interaction with the surrounding environment. Schools, as the second most important educational institution after the family, play a crucial role in the progress and development of an individual. In carrying out their duties and roles as educational institutions, schools must be managed properly and correctly to shape students in accordance with the goals of national education in Indonesia. With the changing times and demands of the 21st century, every individual is required to possess not only knowledge but also skills. One effort that can be made to develop human resources that can compete in the 21st century is through changes and improvements in the field of education. Changes and improvements in the field of education can be achieved by paying attention to the quality of teacher performance in educational institutions. Teachers within educational institutions play a crucial role in the formation and development of human resources. The ideal teacher is one who can carry out their duties optimally and is willing to keep up with current developments in developing the learning process provided to their students. In reality, there are still teachers who have not carried out their duties and responsibilities optimally. To be able to realize ideal teachers and teachers who have optimal performance quality and meet expectations requires support and roles from various parties. Both support and roles from internal factors and external factors. Factors that influence teacher performance if more attention will improve the quality of teacher performance and vice versa if the factors that influence teacher performance are not paid attention to will decrease the quality of teacher performance. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of leadership style and organizational culture on teacher performance with work motivation as a mediating variable and reward as a moderating variable (Empirical Study on High School & Vocational High School Teachers in Ajibarang District, Banyumas). The method used in this study is a quantitative research method. The population in the study were all high school & vocational high school teachers in Ajibarang District, Banyumas. The sample in the study was 175 teachers, the number was calculated using the Slovin formula and sampling using proportional random sampling. The data collection technique in the study used a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used for the hypotheses that have been prepared used SmartPLS 4.0. The results of the study indicate that leadership style does not affect teacher performance, organizational culture affects teacher performance, leadership style, organizational culture, and work motivation affect teacher performance, leadership style and organizational culture affect teacher performance through work motivation as a mediating variable, leadership style and organizational culture do not affect teacher performance through reward as a moderating variable, and work motivation affects teacher performance through reward as a moderating variable. From this study it can be concluded that work motivation successfully mediates the influence between leadership style and organizational culture on teacher performance and reward successfully moderates the influence of teacher work motivation on teacher performance. So it is important for educational institution management to pay attention to factors that can affect the quality of a teacher's performance.
Keywords: Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Work Motivation, Rewards, Teacher Performance

This study provides an in-depth examination of angel investor agreements, which play a critical role in financing the dynamic startup ecosystem, from the perspective of Turkish Commercial Law (TCL). The inadequacy of traditional financing models to address the high-risk nature of early-stage ventures has made angel investors a strategic source of capital. The study analyzes the legal nature of these atypical and complex agreements in light of the TCC, the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO), and Capital Markets Board (CMB) circulars. In particular, it addresses the legal validity and implementation issues of fundamental provisions such as investment amounts, share ratios, management rights, exit strategies, and dispute resolution mechanisms. It focuses on the controversial status of provisions such as drag-along and tag-along in Turkish law and possible legal solutions. The article emphasizes the importance of comprehensive legal due diligence, clear and unambiguous contract language, professional legal advice, and complementary instruments such as shareholder agreements. The aim is to contribute to the creation of a solid legal foundation that allows angel investors to secure their capital while enabling startups to fully realize their innovative potential.
Keywords: Angel Investor, Startup, Commercial Law, Turkish Code of Obligations.