With regard to taxation, it must be seen from two perspectives: that of income and that of expenditure. In Latin America there are very insufficient tax revenues, as well as being inequitable and poorly distributed. On the expenditure side there is a very wrong distribution of it. The case of the Brazilian SS is an extreme case, but very illustrative (retirement at age 50 and with 100% of the salary). In general, in Latin America, the system is highly segmented and there is no universality in social benefits. Most have social security for the military, civil servants and, in some cases, unionized workers. One of the major problems plaguing the efforts of developing countries is corruption, a problem that also has a regressive effect and can discourage foreign investment.
On the other hand, we find external sources of financing. In the first place we have the private sources, among which we can highlight the Foreign Direct Investment (which has or creates productive capacity), a very beneficial form of financing due to its vocation of permanence, the transfer of technology carried outland the enormous contribution of net capital to the developing country. We also have portfolio investment, based on the purchase of stocks and government bonds with conditions of high interest rates and high liquidity, which makes it very volatile and dependent on changes in the cycle of international financial markets (with consequent vulnerability to crises). In addition, this case causes a large part of the economic independence of any State to be lost, since if it carries out policies that are negative for investors, they would sell.
It cannot be considered that there is a single model of development aid that is valid for all countries, all States must have a certain margin of maneuver to be able to move forward, so investments in quarries are a very reviled and risky method for development. It is assumed that within a transparent system this can work properly, but since that is not real, special intervention is needed by States in the face of capital movements, either for liberalization or control of them.
Keywords: Global relations, International Relations, world connectivity

The over-accumulation of financial capital is inextricably linked to the over-delegation of political power and economic management. The power to form projects and implement them has been confiscated by financial and state apparatuses and professionals. The citizen is relegated to the role of spectator.
In the study led by Ezra Suleiman and Henri Medras on The Recruitment of Europe's Elites, John Scott reaffirms what we already knew since Marx: "In a capitalist industrial society...... Occupying a higher position in a large company is related to the class situation. The capitalist class represents a broader category into which the industrial elite is recruited." However, what is valid for industrial entrepreneurs is also true for the civil servant.
Taking the case of the ENA (École National de l ́Administration), each subsector contributes to the strengthening of the whole.
Keywords: French Political system, Bureaucracy and State relations

The importance and extent of the measures taken clearly shows us that enlargement will take place sooner or later. Although some Member States have some quantitative benefits for the accession of the candidates, the need for this fifth enlargement is not strictly due to economic criteria but rather to political and stability aspects (3). This should not surprise us too much since the European Communities (EC) were born in the 50s with the clear political objective: to avoid a new war between Europeans through the creation of a genuine community of interests and security. The accession of Greece, Spain and Portugal in the 80s (second and third enlargements) was also intended to contribute to the stability of the incipient democracies of the Mediterranean basin in the context of the Cold War.
The peace, security and progress of Europe, as well as the strengthening of the continent's identity and independence, are the main goals of the EU's foreign policy. The Member States are aware that if they do not "export" stability they will sooner or later receive the fruits of instability that they have not been able or able to avoid in time, for example through the refugee phenomenon (an issue that promises to be of great importance in the forthcoming German elections in 2002).
It was the dramatic events in Yugoslavia, the change of government in Russia and the disintegration of Czechoslovakia in 1993 that led the Copenhagen European Council in June of the same year to make a clear political gesture showing its unquestionable desire to enlarge and which was reflected in the presentation of the three conditions which form the basis for accession to the Union.
Keywords: European Union, international politics, EU-USA relations

In those countries where there are fewer comparativists is where they believe in their system as something unique (Great Britain and France).
For most comparative policy theorists the discipline is characterized by a specific methodology that is the comparative method.
However, in the U.S. In the US, comparative politics is not this. It is the study of the political phenomena of a country, or in different countries although no comparisons are made between them. In the United States, comparative politics is a study of political phenomena in one or more countries, although they do not make real comparisons between them. Comparative politics as an object.
Specialists in RRII, in the American political system, studies of other countries also called comparativists. This difference has to do with the geopolitical weight of the United States.
For most theorists it is characterized by a specific methodology applied to the analysis of political objectives. It would be a rare discipline that would be defined by its method and not by its object.
Keywords: Politics, goals, political achievements.

In relation to recognition and the idea that it is a free and voluntary act, there is the idea that there is no duty to recognize the new State. But an attempt has been made to elaborate a principle of non-recognition in those cases in which the emergence of a new State is identified with the violation of norms of D° I, such as the violation of the principle of recourse to force, that of non-intervention or that of self-determination of peoples. On the other hand, recognition is usually unconditional. What is happening is that recently in the field, in relation to the new republics that emerged from the former Yugoslavia and the former USSR, it has tried to decouple the recognition of these new republics from respect for principles such as democratic principles, respect for human rights, minorities or established borders, ...
This practice was expressed in a declaration of 16 December 1991 by the EC EPA Ministers. However, this practice is not widespread and this series of four conditions does not affect its international personality, that is, these new republics have arisen from the moment in which the four elements have been verified, so they are rather obligations imposed on the government of these new republics.
The way to carry out the recognition can be: express or tacit, and individual or collective:
The most common form is the individual and express recognition that is usually made through a diplomatic note. Ex: case of Spain and Israel. He can also be tacit simply by establishing diplomatic relations with him.
A final question linked to recognition and admission to an IO. When a State joins an IO as a member, does that membership mean that all IO States recognize that new member as a State? This recognition is a free and voluntary act, and therefore only the States that have voted in favor of the entry of the new member will be implicitly recognizing it, but that recognition does not reach those who have voted against or have abstained.
Keywords: State, political structure, social organization

Diplomacy is the maintenance of relations between states through accredited persons, in order to satisfy the interests of the state that designates them.
Historically, diplomatic recognition was automatic. It was enough for a political entity to present the attributes of a state to be recognized as such. Recognition provides legitimacy and external support to any state.
In this 2nd half of the century, there have been states that have achieved diplomatic recognition before their attributes (countries of decolonization) are recognized. First they asked to be at the United Nations to get their recognition.
In addition, the recognition of states as such, we should also talk about the recognition of governments. Generally, it does not usually have problems when it occurs after an election, but it does when the government comes through a coup d'état. For example, China.
If a government is not recognized, this can be a huge mortgage when it comes to acting internationally, but it also breaks diplomatic relations if they were already established. Breaking these relationships is a form of political pressure to show dissent.
Keywords: Diplomacy, International Relations, international cooperation

The terminological question must be posed on two levels. One, the denomination that defines the object of study. Another, that of the expression that individualizes the scientific discipline that deals with that material object.
Object of study: We accept the denomination of "international relations" since, despite its inaccuracies, it reflects more correctly and comprehensively the sector of social reality object of our consideration, but with a precision, that the object of study of our discipline is the result of these relations, the international society. The term "international" encompasses all kinds of social relations that shape and affect international society in an essential way. This allows us to accept other expressions such as transnational, interstate, intergovernmental, intercultural relations, etc., which can serve to individualize a specific type of international relations.
Keywords: International Relations, paradigms, theoretical approach to IR.

Historical. The presidential system was consistent with our history since before the colony we had strong rulers with the tlatoanis. Then in New Spain the viceroy was all the power and finally with influence of the U.S. the presidential system is created with a strong executive.
Cultural. Democracy is beautiful but difficult, it requires a medium cultural substrate. In a village where there is illiteracy to varying degrees.
The functional consists of the lack of habit of reading, so if there is no reading culture, the habit of reasoning is lost and there is no reasoned information.
It is required that democracy has a level where there is no illiteracy. This is the only way to become aware of the problems.
Policies. Poverty, misery, it is required that people do not worry about food. Having no job makes the government and political parties use politics to their advantage and thus there is no democracy. In addition, poor people are targets of political abuses.
Keywords: Mexico politics, Mexican State, Mexican presidentialism

In Western Europe, workers' movements will emerge, which makes conservative ideas counterattack and gain importance.
After the First World War, liberalism was weakened by the rise of fascisms such as the Italian or German National Socialism. In Spain and Portugal the dictatorships of Franco and Salazar.
On the other hand, the communist alternative of the USSR is proposed and liberalism still persists in France or England.
Keywords: World crisis, world ideas, thinkers and political structures

Let's highlight Weber and Schumpeter. They agree in their criticism of the liberal idea of democracy; They believe that democracy as an ideal will never materialize in political dynamics. The political participation of the masses is always limited and therefore liberal democracy is at best a restrictive way of selecting leaders and thus granting them legitimacy to govern. At worst it is a form of attenuated authority aimed at ensuring the hegemony of a dominant political elite.
Weber: The domination of elites within the state apparatus is inevitable. Politics is a struggle for power and in its model develops a broad conception of the State.
Schumpeter: The best possible system is a competitive elitism consisting of a system of competition between parties in which democracy is only a source of legitimacy for the ruling elite.
Their ideal model would be a balance based on a division of labor between politicians and a passive electorate. It would be a strong and efficient government.
Suzanne Keller: Sociological perspective and political analysis. Elites are inevitable and necessary. In a society, different types of elites coexist that differ from each other.
Apart from being able to differentiate themselves, they are also differentiated because some of these elites have greater social weight than the others because of the activity they develop.
Keywords: Democracy, types of government, the world of states, the rule of people