Since 1989, American and Chinese scholars have engaged in debates about the collapse of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and China. The fact that both China and the CCP continue to survive contradicts many American scholars’ predictions that China or the CCP would collapse after 1989. This paper examines and reviews the literature contributed by American and Chinese scholars regarding the survival of the CCP in the past 30 years. It addresses five main issues related to the resilient Communist regime, the role of CCP’s democratic centralism in its survival, the effective procedure of the CCP’s political system, the checks and balances with the CCP’s characteristics, and the feasible action plans of intra-party reform. The article also discusses the existing literature about the CCP’s characteristics of the intraparty elections and the inherent checks and balances since 1989.
Keywords: Chinese Communist Party, intra-party elections, political reform, resilience

Regulating migration flows and containing border disputes remain central to border security agencies across the world. The reality, however, is that controlling access to territories and citizens is difficult in the globalised security context, as technology has enabled the increased flow of goods, people and ideas across national boundaries, while global inter-connectedness has increased interactions between people around the world whether for work, sport or entertainment. The paradox lies, therefore, in the increased relevance of the Customs service agency with regard to securing the nation‟s borders despite the fact that their position is being challenged by transnational security actors and vulnerabilities as well as well as numerous inherent weaknesses from within the agency itself. Thus, in order to counter threats both from within and outside a state border, new patterns of security interaction are required. It is on this basis the study not only intend at identifying the major challenges militating against border security in the Nigeria Customs Service but also, to proffer solutions through insightful suggestions and recommendations.
Keywords: Challenges, Border Security, Nigeria Customs Service.

African transatlantic slavery
The 400-year transatlantic slavery occurred in subsaharan Africa, including the Kongo kingdom and more specifically in the Muanda region in the D R Congo. While Gorée Island (Senegal), Saint Louis (Senegal), Saint Denis (Reunion Island), Joal, Portudal (in Portugal), Loango (Angola), etc. have developed cultural tourism upon slavery vestiges, the D R Congo has neglected Muanda zone despite the fact that local various slavery sites and historical vestigesare still subject of public curiosity. Therefore, they area true cultural heritage and social tourism resource to be exploited.
Historically speaking, during the colonial era until the 1960s, tourism was one of the three national income sources (i.e. mining industry, agriculture and tourism) in the belgian Congo. In this article, we highlight the cultural and historical touristic resource. It is a question of promoting historical vestiges related to the slave trade as an attraction or a tourism capital to valorize. It would be at the same time a right of memory for future generations.Unfortunately, in Muanda, DRC, field data showed a total state of abandonment of all slave sites and related remains, degraded by human activities and threatened by marine erosion and which could disappear if nothing is done. This article is therefore a wake-up call to raise national and international awareness based on field data. It is a pledge somewhat.
Keywords: Slave trade, pot, remains, Muanda, ecotourism, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Police ethics and misconduct have been in the public spotlight at very significant levels in the U.S. creating tremendous public administration challenge for many city, state, and county governments. For those in law enforcement and corrections, public trust is an important part of being able to do the job effectively. When the public believes that those who enforce the law are intentionally biased, discriminatory, narcissistic, or unprincipled, the result is that cooperation between law enforcement and the public begins to erode. This issue becomes even more complex when police officers fail to report co-workers that engage in unethical behavior and police misconduct. This paper explores complex managerial, social, and public policy nuances of law enforcement ethics, moral reasoning, and whistleblowing in the age of the ―Black Lives Matter‖ movement in The United States.
Keywords: Black lives matter, public health, police misconduct, ethical leadership, moral judgment, organizational ethics.

This article deals with the blood transfusion in Jehovah's Witness Minors. In the need for treatment and disagreement between doctor and patient, the institution will apply for judicial authorization for the forced execution of the transfusion in the child. Given this situation, who is legitimate to decide on behalf of the incapable child? Therefore, the purpose of this study is to demonstrate the legitimacy of the autonomy of family power in the decision to refuse blood transfusion. To approach the problem, the hypothetical-deductive methodology was used, with a review of the specialized bibliography, to support the approach of its object, in order to allow the dialogue between the biopsychosocial phenomena present in the discussion in the collision between the right to life and right to freedom of belief. It was then concluded that the minor's family has complete autonomy to choose the treatment given to their children, as well as other decisions, in view of the wide range of viable alternative treatments.
Keywords: Jehovah's Witness. Blood transfusion. Child. Human Rigths.

Precariat is a contemporary social category defined as the emerging social class characteristic of late capitalism. All those who are employed on the basis of uncertain flexible short-term employment contracts are defined as precariats. Their employment is most often below their qualifications and and intellectual capacity. Uncertainty, lack of stability, insecurity and identity without professional references, as well as discouragement and frustration are all an inherent part of precariats‟ work and identity. This uncertainty is also transferred to the family and becomes a kind of a social problem. Precarity threatens economic and residential stability of families as it transfers uncertainty and temporariness to family environment, results in forced migration, weakens intra-family ties and subordinates family roles of the mother-wife and husband-father to precarious work.
Keywords: precariat, social changes, family, family problems

The study examined a sample of about 323 primary and secondary school teachers in Port Harcourt Metropolis to investigate their perception of integrating disaster risk reduction concept into primary and secondary schools curriculum. The study adopted the cross sectional survey method. Primary and secondary data were utilized, the generated data was analyzed using five point likert scale mean and the hypotheses tested using z-test and t-test methods. The test showed that there was no statistical significance difference between primary and secondary teachers perception of integrating disaster risk reduction concept into educational curriculum.It was also found that the teachers were willing to accept the concept, about251 respondents (77.8%) strongly agree andthere were opportunities for integrating disaster risk reduction concept into the curriculum (table 5) buttressed. The teachers lack proper knowledge and understanding of the concept. This may hinder the mainstreaming of the programme into the curriculum but this study’s findings and suggestions were made to allay the fears as follows:that curriculum developer should provide teachers with national guidelines in form of learning materials and practical skills on how to effectively integrate into the programme; also there was need to provide training that will equip teachers with critical thinking and creative skills, as well as providing meaningful support that can motivate them to be result oriented while carrying out their tasks in thenew curriculum innovation.The Curriculum Development Unit within the National Department of Education should use its strategic planning unit to address disaster risk reduction issues through schools as well as assist schools to build a culture of safety as a way of life in the school and the society at large. The schools should be guided on further steps to develop local safety and disaster risk reduction policieswhich shall be sustained as the schools culture.
Keywords: Perception, Teachers, Inclusion, Disaster- Risk –Reduction, Strategy, Curriculum.

Corporate Social Responsibility package is a strategy of modern companies in maintaining good relationship with their host communities and it has the potential to significantly reduce the risk of local dissatisfaction and local conflicts. This study examined the corporate social responsibilities of an oil producing Company; Total E&P Nigeria Limited and an oil Service Company; Saipem contracting company Limited in two local government areas of Rivers State. Data collection involved primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was obtained through the use of questionnaire and interviews while secondary data was gotten from previous works done on the area. Statistical tools used to analyze the data were standard deviation, Pearson correlation and z ratio test. The findings showed that the oil companies are not committed to Corporate Social Responsibility in their host communities. The results were H1: p-value (0.13)>5%, the null hypothesis is accepted (no significant relationship); H2 p-value (0.00) < 5%, null hypothesis is rejected (significant relationship); H3 z-cal (7.17)> z-critical (1.96), null hypothesis is rejected (significant difference) H4 z-cal (7.68)> z-critical (1.96), null hypothesis is rejected (significant difference). Saipem is rated very low in their implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility CSR from the Community’s perception. On the part of Total E&P Nig. Ltd, the study noted that they have brought some developmental projects into their host communities. The study revealed that companies carry out projects that are convenient to them and not what the communities need, because there are no compelling laws on corporate social responsibility in Nigeria. The study recommends that government should liaise with oil and gas companies and host communities to design and implement good Corporate Social Responsibility programmes which will ensure that the core values of Corporate Social Responsibility as an approach geared towards providing development and maintaining good working relationships in host communities is achieved.
Keywords: Comparative-Study, Corporate Social-Responsibility, Total E&P, & Saipem, Rivers State

Nigeria has 220,000 children between 0 to 14 years who are HIV positive and only 26% of these are receiving Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) (UNAIDS 2017). An estimated 210 000 new HIV infections occurred in Nigeria in 2017, among them 37,000 children due to mother-to-child transmission. Despite regular global emphasis and updates on guidelines recommending earlier initiation of ART in HIV-infected children, this was not heeded as a priority in Nigeria therefore ART initiation for HIV-positive children lags behind that of adults. The 212 HIV-positive children studied here were part of the 218 positive children identified and enrolled first into family OVC care and support, and later into ART care.

The purpose of this study was to identify the level of early retirement intention and demographic factors associated with early retirement intention among school leaders of secondary schools in Kelantan. 347 teachers consisting of senior assistants, senior teachers, heads of units and heads of six (6) core subjects from secondary schools in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia had participated in this research.Data was collected and analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 21. They were interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics. The finding of the research revealed the level of early retirement intention among the school leaders in Kelantan was at the high level (M=4.18,SD=.41). The discovery also divulged no significant difference in early retirement intention based on gender,age and experience as a teacher among these leaders. Several suggestions had been submitted in order to reduce the early retirement among the school leaders so as to increase motivation to be committed to the task of promoting the continuity of the nation's education transformation until their compulsory retirement age.
Keywords: early retirement intention, school leaders, demographic factors, compulsory retirement.

There is a great diversity in terms of socio-cultural, political, religious and racial backgrounds among students and lecturers. This diversity, with the presence of an appropriate lecturer-student or student-lecturer relationship, creates a campus environment that prepares students and lecturers to live and work amicably in a socio-culturally diverse society. It also equips them to respond to an increasingly complex global environment; besides, interpersonal relations in diversity which makes room for the generation, advancement and dissemination of knowledge, which is one of the key mission characteristics of university education in Nigeria and elsewhere. The main thrust of this study was to empirically examine the effect of Nigerian student's campus life vis-à-vis their behaviour and performance. To achieve this method we use the survey research method, using a questionnaire as an instrument of gathering data for the study through random sampling drawn from (3) three major Universities in Akwalbom State. The 600 copies of the questionnaire were distributed and collected. Learning and cognitive response theories were used and literature reviewed accordingly. We used exploratory and survey research design. The results revealed that; there is a significant impact of student campus life on the student academic performance; showing that there is a strong correlation between student's campus life and behaviour vis-à-vis their academic performance. Four research hypotheses were formulated and used in this study. We recommended that students should live a good life on campus to maximally achieve a high level of academic performance in their academics.
Keywords: Nigerian Students, campus life, behaviour, academic performance, Environment, Learning, Romantic Relationships, Peer Pressure, Partying, Drug Addiction, Cult Groups, Organizations, Attitude, Clubs and Organizations.